1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выполните задания. PUNISHMENT Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority - in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law - as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is. In a primitive society punishment was left to the individuals wronged and was vindictive or retributive: in quantity and quality it would bear no special relation to the character or gravity of the offence. Gradually there arose the idea of proportionate punishment of which the characteristic type is "an eye for an eye". The progress of civilization has resulted in a vast change in both the theory and in the method of punishment. With the growth of law, the state took over the punitive function and provided itself with the machinery of justice for the maintenance of public order. From that time crimes were against the state, and such punishment as lynching became illegal. In the eighteenth century the humanitarian movement began to teach the dignity of the individual and to emphasize rationality and responsibility. The result was the reduction of punishment both in quantity and in severity, the improvement of the prison system, and the first attempts to study the psychology of crime and to distinguish classes of criminals with a view to their improvement. Later law breakers were considered as a product of social evolution and cannot be regarded as solely responsible for their disposition to offences. Crime was treated as a disease. Punishment, therefore, can be justified only if it either protects society or acts as a deterrent, or when it aims at the moral regeneration of the criminal.

Question

Вопрос:

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выполните задания. PUNISHMENT Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority - in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law - as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is. In a primitive society punishment was left to the individuals wronged and was vindictive or retributive: in quantity and quality it would bear no special relation to the character or gravity of the offence. Gradually there arose the idea of proportionate punishment of which the characteristic type is "an eye for an eye". The progress of civilization has resulted in a vast change in both the theory and in the method of punishment. With the growth of law, the state took over the punitive function and provided itself with the machinery of justice for the maintenance of public order. From that time crimes were against the state, and such punishment as lynching became illegal. In the eighteenth century the humanitarian movement began to teach the dignity of the individual and to emphasize rationality and responsibility. The result was the reduction of punishment both in quantity and in severity, the improvement of the prison system, and the first attempts to study the psychology of crime and to distinguish classes of criminals with a view to their improvement. Later law breakers were considered as a product of social evolution and cannot be regarded as solely responsible for their disposition to offences. Crime was treated as a disease. Punishment, therefore, can be justified only if it either protects society or acts as a deterrent, or when it aims at the moral regeneration of the criminal.

Ответ:

ФИО:Телефон:Емаил:Полное описание сути нарушения прав (почему распространение данной информации запрещено Правообладателем):

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Наказание

Наказание, как правило, — это применение нежелательного или неприятного последствия к группе или отдельному лицу, назначаемое властями — в контекстах, начиная от детской дисциплины и заканчивая уголовным правом — как реакция и сдерживание на конкретное действие или поведение, которое считается нежелательным или неприемлемым. Однако возможно различать различные подходы к пониманию того, что такое наказание. В первобытном обществе наказание оставлялось на усмотрение обиженных и было мстительным или ретрибутивным: по количеству и качеству оно не имело особого отношения к характеру или тяжести проступка.

Постепенно возникла идея пропорционального наказания, характерным типом которого является принцип «око за око». Прогресс цивилизации привел к значительным изменениям как в теории, так и в методе наказания. С развитием права государство взяло на себя карательную функцию и обеспечило себя механизмами правосудия для поддержания общественного порядка. С тех пор преступления стали рассматриваться как преступления против государства, и такое наказание, как линчевание, стало незаконным. В восемнадцатом веке гуманистическое движение начало учить достоинству личности и подчеркивать рациональность и ответственность. Результатом стало сокращение наказаний как по количеству, так и по степени суровости, улучшение тюремной системы и первые попытки изучить психологию преступности и классифицировать преступников с целью их исправления.

Позднее правонарушители стали рассматриваться как продукт социального развития и не могут нести исключительную ответственность за свои склонности к правонарушениям. Преступление рассматривалось как болезнь. Следовательно, наказание может быть оправдано только в том случае, если оно защищает общество или действует как сдерживающее средство, или когда оно направлено на моральное возрождение преступника.