The correct variant is "many".
So, the full sentence is: I eat many sweets. Now I have a toothache.
Explanation:
* "Many" is used with countable nouns (sweets).
* "Much" is used with uncountable nouns.
* "Little" and "few" indicate a small quantity, but they wouldn't lead to a toothache as directly as eating a large number of sweets would.