| Language Family | Ethnic Group | Number of Speakers (2010) | Percentage of Total Population |
| INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY | Slavic group | 113545778 | 79.482% |
| Russian | 111016896 | 77.712% | |
| Ukrainian | 1927988 | 1.350% | |
| Belarusian | 521443 | 0.365% | |
| Polish | 47125 | 0.033% | |
| Bulgarian | 24038 | 0.017% | |
| Armenian group | 1184435 | 0.829% | |
| Armenian | 1182388 | 0.828% | |
| Hemshenis | 2047 | 0.001% | |
| Iranian group | 807002 | 0.565% | |
| Ossetian | 528515 | 0.370% | |
| tats (tats-muslims) | 1585 | 0.001% | |
| Germanic group | 397970 | 0.279% | |
| German | 394138 | 0.276% | |
| American | 1572 | 0.001% | |
| English (British) | 950 | 0.001% | |
| Indo-Aryan group | 210485 | 0.147% | |
| Cypriot | 204956 | 0.143% | |
| Indian | 4058 | 0.003% | |
| Romance group | 165596 | 0.116% | |
| Moldavian | 156400 | 0.109% | |
| Romanian | 3201 | 0.002% | |
| Greek group | 85640 | 0.060% | |
| Greek | 85640 | 0.060% | |
| Baltic group | 50356 | 0.035% | |
| Lithuanian | 31377 | 0.022% | |
| Latvian | 18979 | 0.013% | |
| ALTAIC FAMILY | Turkic group | 12011825 | 8.406% |
| Tatar | 5310649 | 3.717% | |
| Bashkir | 1584554 | 1.109% | |
| Chuvash | 1435672 | 1.005% | |
| Kazakh | 647732 | 0.453% | |
| Azerbaijani | 603970 | 0.422% | |
| Kyrgyz | 503060 | 0.352% | |
| Uzbek (Oases) | 478565 | 0.335% | |
| Tuvan | 647754 | 0.453% | |
| Buryat | 661389 | 0.462% | |
| URARTIAN FAMILY | Armenian | 1431350 | 1.002% |
| Assyrian | 912090 | 0.636% | |
| Aramean | 589366 | 0.413% | |
| Assyrian | 413122 | 0.292% | |
| Assyrian | 444833 | 0.311% | |
| Assyrian | 773317 | 0.541% | |
| SEVEROKAVKAZSKAYA FAMILY | 5058304 | 3.641% | |
| Nakh-Dagestanian group | 4284967 | 3.000% | |
| Chechen | 1431360 | 1.002% | |
| Avar | 912090 | 0.636% | |
| Dargin | 589366 | 0.413% | |
| Lezgin | 413122 | 0.292% | |
| Ingush | 444833 | 0.311% | |
| Abkhaz-Abaza group | 773317 | 0.541% | |
| Kabardian | 516626 | 0.362% | |
| Adyghe | 124835 | 0.087% | |
| Circassian | 73184 | 0.051% | |
| Abazin | 43341 | 0.030% | |
| Abkhaz | 11249 | 0.008% | |
| URALIC FAMILY | 2371398 | 1.660% | |
| Finno-Ugric group | 2322020 | 1.625% | |
| Mordovian | 744251 | 0.521% | |
| Udmurt | 552299 | 0.387% | |
| Mari | 547605 | 0.383% | |
| Komi | 228235 | 0.160% | |
| Komi-Permyak | 94456 | 0.066% | |
| Karelian | 60815 | 0.043% | |
| Khanty | 30949 | 0.022% | |
| Samoyedic group | 49578 | 0.035% | |
| Nenets | 44640 | 0.031% | |
| Selkup | 3649 | 0.003% | |
| KARTVELIAN FAMILY | 157881 | 1.105% | |
| Georgian | 157803 | 1.104% | |
| Judeo-Georgian | 78 | 0.000% | |
| KOREAN FAMILY | 159156 | 1.113% | |
| Korean | 159156 | 1.113% | |
| SINO-TIBETAN FAMILY | 28949 | 0.020% | |
| Chinese | 1951 | 0.001% | |
| Tibetan | 26998 | 0.019% | |
| CHUKCHI-KAMCHATKAN FAMILY | 66389 | 0.046% | |
| Chukchi | 66389 | 0.046% | |
| Koryak | 0 | 0.000% |