a) $$ \frac{x}{15} = \frac{1}{5} $$
$$ x = \frac{15 \cdot 1}{5} = 3 $$
б) $$ \frac{10}{12} = \frac{5}{x} $$
$$ x = \frac{12 \cdot 5}{10} = 6 $$
в) $$ \frac{8}{x} = \frac{2}{4} $$
$$ x = \frac{8 \cdot 4}{2} = 16 $$
г) $$ \frac{18}{27} = \frac{x}{3} $$
$$ x = \frac{18 \cdot 3}{27} = 2 $$