с) Экологиялық пирамидада энергия мен заттардың ауысуын сипаттаңыз

Solution:

In an ecological pyramid, energy and matter are transferred between trophic levels, but with significant losses at each step.

• Energy Transfer: Energy flows from the producers (plants) to the consumers. When an organism consumes another, only about 10% of the energy from the consumed organism is transferred to the consumer. The remaining 90% is lost as heat, used for metabolic processes, or not consumed. This is why each level of the pyramid is smaller than the one below it. The ultimate source of energy for most ecosystems is the sun.
• Matter Transfer: Matter (nutrients, organic compounds) is also transferred up the pyramid. However, unlike energy, matter is cycled within the ecosystem. Decomposers (like bacteria and fungi, though not explicitly shown in detail here) break down dead organisms and waste products, returning essential nutrients to the soil, which are then taken up by producers. This recycling ensures that matter is reused, although some may be lost from the ecosystem over long periods.