16x⁴ - 81 = (4x²)² - 9² = (4x² - 9)(4x² + 9) = (2x - 3)(2x + 3)(4x² + 9)
x² - x - y² - y = (x² - y²) - (x + y) = (x - y)(x + y) - (x + y) = (x + y)(x - y - 1)