4 Read the theory box and complete the sentences with by or with.

Exercise 4: Completing Sentences with 'by' or 'with'

The theory box explains when to use 'by' (for the agent/person) and 'with' (for instruments/ingredients) or 'from' (for ingredients, but not always used when the source is obvious like 'Cars are made in Germany').

1. The walls are covered ... posters.

• Answer: The walls are covered with posters.
• Reasoning: 'Posters' are the material or items used to cover the walls, functioning like an instrument or ingredient in this context.

2. A new book will be published ... Express Ltd next May.

• Answer: A new book will be published by Express Ltd next May.
• Reasoning: 'Express Ltd' is the agent (the publishing company) performing the action.

3. The dress was designed ... Calvin Klein.

• Answer: The dress was designed by Calvin Klein.
• Reasoning: 'Calvin Klein' is the agent (the person or brand) who designed the dress.

4. Wood is cut ... a saw.

• Answer: Wood is cut with a saw.
• Reasoning: 'A saw' is the instrument used to cut the wood.

5. The film was produced ... Martin Scorsese.

• Answer: The film was produced by Martin Scorsese.
• Reasoning: 'Martin Scorsese' is the agent (the director/producer) who produced the film.