1. Comment on the use of the Past Perfect in the following sentences. Translate them. 1. By the end of the year she had learned to cook. 2. I had finished the project by the beginning of that week. 3. We carefully studied the information you had sent. 4. Fortunately the rain had stopped before we left the house. 5. After the boss had left, the employees began to talk. 6. By the time I came home my family had already finished dinner. 7. Only when I came to work I understood that I had forgotten to feed the cat. 8. When the guests had gone, I began to wash the dishes. 9. We had not yet started following the new instructions when they changed them again. 10. He had never been kind to me until that day. 11. The programmer had done the work by four o'clock. 12. The policeman asked if there are had been any witnesses.

Past Perfect используется для обозначения действия, которое произошло до другого действия в прошлом или до определенного момента в прошлом. Вот перевод предложений: 1. К концу года она научилась готовить. (By the end of the year she had learned to cook.) 2. Я закончил проект к началу той недели. (I had finished the project by the beginning of that week.) 3. Мы внимательно изучили информацию, которую ты прислал. (We carefully studied the information you had sent.) 4. К счастью, дождь перестал до того, как мы вышли из дома. (Fortunately the rain had stopped before we left the house.) 5. После того, как босс ушел, сотрудники начали разговаривать. (After the boss had left, the employees began to talk.) 6. К тому времени, как я пришел домой, моя семья уже закончила ужинать. (By the time I came home my family had already finished dinner.) 7. Только когда я пришел на работу, я понял, что забыл покормить кота. (Only when I came to work I understood that I had forgotten to feed the cat.) 8. Когда гости ушли, я начал мыть посуду. (When the guests had gone, I began to wash the dishes.) 9. Мы еще не начали следовать новым инструкциям, когда их снова изменили. (We had not yet started following the new instructions when they changed them again.) 10. Он никогда не был добр ко мне до этого дня. (He had never been kind to me until that day.) 11. Программист выполнил работу к четырем часам. (The programmer had done the work by four o'clock.) 12. Полицейский спросил, были ли какие-нибудь свидетели. (The policeman asked if there are had been any witnesses.)