a) $$ac^2 -ad + c^3 - cd - bc^2 + bd = a(c^2 - d) + c(c^2 - d) - b(c^2 - d) = (c^2-d)(a+c-b)$$;
б) $$ax^2 + ay^2 - bx^2 - by^2 + b - a = a(x^2 + y^2) - b(x^2 + y^2) - (a-b) = (x^2+y^2)(a-b) - (a-b) = (a-b)(x^2 + y^2 - 1)$$;
в) $$an^2 + cn^2 - ap^2 + ap - cp + cp^2 = n^2(a+c) - p^2(a-c) + p(a-c) = (a+c)n^2 + (a-c)(p-p^2) = (a+c)(n^2 - p^2) +p(a-c)$$;
г) $$xy^2 - by^2 - ax + ab + y^2 - a = y^2(x-b+1) - a(x-b+1) = (x-b+1)(y^2-a)$$.