$$4b+2y-12b-y = (4b - 12b) + (2y - y) = -8b + y = y-8b$$
$$2p+(3p-4)-(4p-7) = 2p + 3p - 4 - 4p + 7 = (2p + 3p - 4p) + (-4 + 7) = p + 3$$
$$40+6 (a-7) = 40 + 6a - 42 = 6a - 2$$
$$3 (c-1)-2 (3c-5) = 3c - 3 - 6c + 10 = -3c + 7$$
Ответ: a) $$y-8b$$, в) $$p+3$$, б) $$6a-2$$, г) $$-3c+7$$