a) $$rac{a^2 + ax + x^2}{x-1} : \frac{a^3 - x^3}{x^2 - 1} = \frac{a^2 + ax + x^2}{x-1} \cdot \frac{x^2 - 1}{a^3 - x^3} = \frac{a^2 + ax + x^2}{x-1} \cdot \frac{(x - 1)(x + 1)}{(a - x)(a^2 + ax + x^2)} = \frac{x+1}{-(a-x)} = \frac{x+1}{x-a}$$
Ответ: $$\frac{x+1}{x-a}$$