What are the key characteristics of living organisms based on the provided text?

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Based on the provided text, the key characteristics of living organisms are:

Cellular structure: Living beings consist of cells, which are the basic units of life.
Nutrition: Organisms obtain energy and nutrients from food. Plants are autotrophs (photosynthesis), while other organisms are heterotrophs.
Metabolism: This is the scientific term for the process of extracting useful substances from food, breaking down complex substances into simpler ones, and utilizing them for the organism's needs, including energy production.
Respiration: Part of metabolism, this involves absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, with oxygen participating in biochemical reactions.
Growth and development: Organisms grow continuously, and multicellular organisms do so through cell division. Development involves qualitative changes.
Irritability: The ability to react to external environmental changes.
Reproduction: Organisms produce offspring similar to themselves, through methods like cell division, seeds, or reproduction involving two sexes.