a) 9x² - 6xy + y² = (3x)² - 2(3x)(y) + y² = (3x - y)².
б) 9x²y - 6xy² + y³ = y(9x² - 6xy + y²) = y(3x - y)².
в) a² - 2ab + b² - 9c² = (a - b)² - (3c)² = (a - b - 3c)(a - b + 3c).
г) (a² - a) - (b² - b) = a² - a - b² + b = (a² - b²) - (a - b) = (a - b)(a + b) - (a - b) = (a - b)(a + b - 1).
д) x³c² - x³d² = x³(c² - d²) = x³(c - d)(c + d).
e) -3a² - 6ab - 3b² = -3(a² + 2ab + b²) = -3(a + b)².