1) \( \frac{tg \alpha + tg \beta}{ctg \alpha + ctg \beta} = \frac{tg \alpha + tg \beta}{\frac{1}{tg \alpha} + \frac{1}{tg \beta}} = \frac{tg \alpha + tg \beta}{\frac{tg \beta + tg \alpha}{tg \alpha tg \beta}} = tg \alpha tg \beta \)
2) \( (\sin \alpha + \cos \alpha)^2 + (\sin \alpha - \cos \alpha)^2 = (\sin^2 \alpha + 2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha + \cos^2 \alpha) + (\sin^2 \alpha - 2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha + \cos^2 \alpha) = (1 + \sin 2\alpha) + (1 - \sin 2\alpha) = 2 \)
3) \( \frac{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)}{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) + \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)} = \frac{tg (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - 1}{tg (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) + 1} = \frac{tg \frac{\pi}{4} + tg \alpha}{1 - tg \frac{\pi}{4} tg \alpha} - 1 \) - здесь есть ошибка, так как \( tg(A+B) = \frac{tgA+tgB}{1-tgAtgB} \). Правильный ход:
\( \frac{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)}{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) + \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)} = \frac{1}{\cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)} \cdot \frac{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)}{\frac{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)}{\cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)} + 1} = \frac{tg (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - 1}{tg (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) + 1} \) - это не упрощение. Правильный ход:
\( \frac{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) - \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)}{\sin (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha) + \cos (\frac{\pi}{4}+\alpha)} = \frac{(\sin \frac{\pi}{4} \cos \alpha + \cos \frac{\pi}{4} \sin \alpha) - (\cos \frac{\pi}{4} \cos \alpha - \sin \frac{\pi}{4} \sin \alpha)}{(\sin \frac{\pi}{4} \cos \alpha + \cos \frac{\pi}{4} \sin \alpha) + (\cos \frac{\pi}{4} \cos \alpha - \sin \frac{\pi}{4} \sin \alpha)} = \frac{(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cos \alpha + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sin \alpha) - (\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cos \alpha - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sin \alpha)}{(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cos \alpha + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sin \alpha) + (\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cos \alpha - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \sin \alpha)} = \frac{\sqrt{2} \sin \alpha}{\sqrt{2} \cos \alpha} = tg \alpha \)
4) \( \frac{\sin \alpha + 2 \sin (\frac{\pi}{3} - \alpha)}{2 \cos (\frac{\pi}{6} - \alpha) - \sqrt{3} \cos \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha + 2(\sin \frac{\pi}{3} \cos \alpha - \cos \frac{\pi}{3} \sin \alpha)}{2(\cos \frac{\pi}{6} \cos \alpha + \sin \frac{\pi}{6} \sin \alpha) - \sqrt{3} \cos \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha + 2(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cos \alpha - \frac{1}{2} \sin \alpha)}{2(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cos \alpha + \frac{1}{2} \sin \alpha) - \sqrt{3} \cos \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha + \sqrt{3} \cos \alpha - \sin \alpha}{\sqrt{3} \cos \alpha + \sin \alpha - \sqrt{3} \cos \alpha} = \frac{\sqrt{3} \cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha} = \sqrt{3} ctg \alpha \)
Ответ: 1) \( tg \alpha tg \beta \); 2) 2; 3) \( tg \alpha \); 4) \( \sqrt{3} ctg \alpha \)