1) \(\frac{\operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha}{1 + \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha} = \frac{\operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha}{\sec^2 \alpha} = \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha \cos^2 \alpha = \frac{\sin^2 \alpha}{\cos^2 \alpha} \cos^2 \alpha = \sin^2 \alpha\)
2) \(\frac{1 + \operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha}{\operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha} = \frac{\csc^2 \alpha}{\operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha} = \frac{1}{\sin^2 \alpha} \cdot \frac{\sin^2 \alpha}{\cos^2 \alpha} = \frac{1}{\cos^2 \alpha} = \sec^2 \alpha\)
3) \(\frac{\operatorname{tg} \alpha - \operatorname{tg} \beta}{\operatorname{ctg} \alpha - \operatorname{ctg} \beta} = \frac{\frac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \alpha} - \frac{\sin \beta}{\cos \beta}}{\frac{\cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha} - \frac{\cos \beta}{\sin \beta}} = \frac{\frac{\sin \alpha \cos \beta - \cos \alpha \sin \beta}{\cos \alpha \cos \beta}}{\frac{\cos \alpha \sin \beta - \sin \alpha \cos \beta}{\sin \alpha \sin \beta}} = \frac{\sin(\alpha - \beta)}{\cos \alpha \cos \beta} \cdot \frac{\sin \alpha \sin \beta}{-\sin(\alpha - \beta)} = -\frac{\sin \alpha \sin \beta}{\cos \alpha \cos \beta} = -\operatorname{tg} \alpha \operatorname{tg} \beta\)
4) \((\operatorname{tg} \alpha + \operatorname{ctg} \alpha)^2 - (\operatorname{tg} \alpha - \operatorname{ctg} \alpha)^2 = (\operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha + 2 \operatorname{tg} \alpha \operatorname{ctg} \alpha + \operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha) - (\operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha - 2 \operatorname{tg} \alpha \operatorname{ctg} \alpha + \operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha) = \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha + 2 + \operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha - \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha + 2 - \operatorname{ctg}^2 \alpha = 4\)
Ответ: 1) \(\sin^2 \alpha\); 2) \(\sec^2 \alpha\); 3) \(-\operatorname{tg} \alpha \operatorname{tg} \beta\); 4) 4.