1) b² - 5b + 4
b² - 5b + 4 = (b - 4)(b - 1)
2) xy - x²y² + x³y³ - a + axy – ax²y²
xy - x²y² + x³y³ - a + axy - ax²y² = xy(1 - xy + x²y²) - a(1 - xy + x²y²)
= (xy - a)(1 - xy + x²y²)
3) xn+2 - 1 - x + xn+1
xn+2 - 1 - x + xn+1 = xn+1(x + 1) - (x + 1)
= (xn+1 - 1)(x + 1)
Ответ: 1) (b - 4)(b - 1); 2) (xy - a)(1 - xy + x²y²); 3) (xn+1 - 1)(x + 1)