$$\cos 2\alpha = \cos^2 \alpha - \sin^2 \alpha$$
Так как $$\cos^2 \alpha = 1 - \sin^2 \alpha$$, то
$$\cos 2\alpha = (1 - \sin^2 \alpha) - \sin^2 \alpha = 1 - 2\sin^2 \alpha$$
Ответ: $$\cos 2\alpha = 1 - 2\sin^2 \alpha$$