a) $$x^2 - 7 = x^2 - (\sqrt{7})^2 = (x - \sqrt{7})(x + \sqrt{7})$$.
б) $$5 - c^2 = (\sqrt{5})^2 - c^2 = (\sqrt{5} - c)(\sqrt{5} + c)$$.
Ответ: a) $$(x - \sqrt{7})(x + \sqrt{7})$$, б) $$(\sqrt{5} - c)(\sqrt{5} + c)$$