1) $$ a^2 - 9 = a^2 - 3^2 = (a - 3)(a + 3) $$.
2) $$ b^2 + 10b + 25 = b^2 + 2 \cdot b \cdot 5 + 5^2 = (b + 5)^2 $$.
3) $$ 25x^2 - 16 = (5x)^2 - 4^2 = (5x - 4)(5x + 4) $$.
4) $$ 9x^2 - 12xy + 4y^2 = (3x)^2 - 2 \cdot 3x \cdot 2y + (2y)^2 = (3x - 2y)^2 $$.
Ответ: 1) $$ (a - 3)(a + 3) $$, 2) $$ (b + 5)^2 $$, 3) $$ (5x - 4)(5x + 4) $$, 4) $$ (3x - 2y)^2 $$.