$$3^{x+3} - 2 \cdot 3^{x+1} - 3^x = 180$$
$$3^x \cdot 3^3 - 2 \cdot 3^x \cdot 3 - 3^x = 180$$
$$27 \cdot 3^x - 6 \cdot 3^x - 3^x = 180$$
$$3^x (27 - 6 - 1) = 180$$
$$3^x \cdot 20 = 180$$
$$3^x = \frac{180}{20}$$
$$3^x = 9$$
$$3^x = 3^2$$
$$x = 2$$
Ответ: $$x = 2$$