Ответ:

а) \(a^4-2a^2+1=(a^2-1)^2=(a-1)^2(a+1)^2\).

\[\frac{(a-1)(a+1)}{(a-1)^2(a+1)^2}=\frac{1}{(a-1)(a+1)}=\frac{1}{a^2-1}.\]

б) \(4y^2-1=(2y-1)(2y+1)\), \(1+8y^3=(2y+1)(4y^2-2y+1)\).

\[\frac{4y^2-1}{1+8y^3}=\frac{2y-1}{4y^2-2y+1}.\]

в) \(x^2-y^2+2x-2y=(x-y)(x+y+2)\).

\[\frac{(x-y)(x+y+2)}{x+y+2}=x-y.\]

Ответ: а) \(\frac1{a^2-1}\); б) \(\frac{2y-1}{4y^2-2y+1}\); в) \(x-y\).