2) $$\sin^2 \phi + \frac{ctg^2 \phi - 1}{ctg^2 \phi + 1} = \sin^2 \phi + \frac{\frac{\cos^2 \phi}{\sin^2 \phi} - 1}{\frac{\cos^2 \phi}{\sin^2 \phi} + 1} = \sin^2 \phi + \frac{\cos^2 \phi - \sin^2 \phi}{\cos^2 \phi + \sin^2 \phi} = \sin^2 \phi + \cos^2 \phi - \sin^2 \phi = \cos^2 \phi$$