3) $$\frac{1}{1 - \cos a} - \frac{1}{1 + \cos a} = \frac{(1 + \cos a) - (1 - \cos a)}{(1 - \cos a)(1 + \cos a)} = \frac{1 + \cos a - 1 + \cos a}{1 - \cos^2 a} = \frac{2 \cos a}{\sin^2 a} = 2 \frac{\cos a}{\sin a} \frac{1}{\sin a} = 2 ctg a \frac{1}{\sin a}$$.